PRAGMATICS

Pragmatics is a branch of linguisticsconcerned with the use oflanguage in social contexts and the ways in which people produce and comprehendmeanings through language. (For alternative definitions, see Examples and Observations, below.)

The term pragmatics was coined in the 1930s by the philosopher C.W. Morris. Pragmatics was developed as a subfield of linguistics in the 1970s.

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Summary speech acts and events.

Speech acts and events are producing by people most of the time not just in grammatical contents if not also accomplish actions via utterances. The actions performed via utterances are called speech acts, and in english has specific labels, like apology, promise, request, complaint, compliment, and invitation; they describe terms to different kinds of speech acts according to the speaker's communicative intention in produce an utterance; always the speaker expects that the intention would be recognized by the hearer. In addition speaker and hearer are helped for the circumstances that are around the expression; they are called speech events; it determines the way that an expression is understood; the speech acts has three acts relationated which are: locution (basic act of the expression), illocutionary (communicative force of a expression), and perlocutionary (intention of the expression).

Moreover the speech acts have some conditions like felicity conditions which refer to the effect caused by the speech act like it pretends, general conditions where the participants can understand the used language, content conditions in those the content of the expression must be in a future event, sincerity conditions where the speaker believes that the future event would not have a beneficial effect, and the last one essential condition, it combines which is the content , the context, and the intentions of the expression, to a specific speech act be correctly performed.

On the other hand there is speech acts classification; there are five kinds of functions performed by the speech act: statements (the speaker changes the world via words), representatives (the speaker makes that the words fit to the world (of belief)), expressive (the speaker makes that the words fit to the world (of feelings), directives ( the speaker tries to make the world fit the words ( via the hearer), and commissives (commits the speaker has to make the world fit the words).

Also in this chapter talks about acts of direct and indirect speech here people can identify kinds of speech acts made at the base of the structure; there are three structural ways (declarative, interrogative, imperative) and three general communicative functions (statement, question, and request). Whenever there is a direct relationship between structure and function we have a direct speech act; and whenever there is an indirect relationship between structure and function we have an indirect speech act.

Finally we have speech events we can treat an indirect request as a question whether the necessary conditions for a request are in place; a preparatory condition is when the speaker assumes that the hearer is able to… performed the action. “An event speech is an activity which the participants interact via language in any conventional way to arrive to some outcome”; the speech events analysis shows us another way of studying how we can transmit more than we want to say.

Topics Explanation

FELICITY CONDITIONS

ropriate to its being performed successfully).

GRICE´S MAxIMS .

SEMIOTIC TRIANGLE

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"A famous triangle of meaning implies that the referent of an expression (a word or another sign or symbol) is relative to different language users: With the terminology of Peirce: "A sign, or representamen, is something which stands to somebody for something in some respect or capacity. It addresses somebody, that is, creates in the mind of that person an equivalent sign, or perhaps a more developed sign. That sign which it creates I call the interpretant of the first sign. The sign stands for something, its object [or referent]. It stands for that object, not in all respects, but in reference to a sort of idea, which I have sometimes called the ground of the representamen." (Peirce, 1931-1958, 2, 228).